Python文件处理
2021-06-22 08:03
标签：指针 array nal trunc padding ica while 出现 符号 1. 文件的操作 1.1 open操作 格式： 源码： 文件打开模式 ‘r’ 以只读方式打开文件，默认。 ‘w’ 以写入方式打开文件。先删除原文件内容，再重新写入新内容。如果文件不存在，则创建。 ‘x’ 以写入方式创建新文件并打开文件。 ‘a’ 以写入的方式打开文件，在文件末尾追加新内容。如果文件不存在，则创建。 ‘b’ 以二进制模式打开文件，与r、w、a、+结合使用。对于图片、视频等必须用b模式打开。 ‘t’ 文本模式，默认。与r、w、a结合使用。 ‘+’ 打开文件，追加读写。 ‘U’ universal newline mode (deprecated弃用)支持所有的换行符号。即"U"表示在读取时，可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或r+ 模式同使用） 1.2 文件读取 文件读取有三种方式，read()、readline()、readlines()。 read(): readline(): 每次读取文件中的一行，需要使用用真表达式循环读取文件。当文件指针移动到末尾时，依然使用readline()读取文件将出现错误。因此需要添加1个判断语句，判断指针是否移动到文件尾部，并终止循环。 可以加参数，参数为整数，表示每行读几个字节，知道行末尾。 readlines(): 表示多行读取，需要通过循环访问readlines()返回列表中的元素，该方法耗内存。 练习：读取前5行内容 1.2 文件的写入 2. 目录的操作 3. 文件和流 Python文件处理 标签：指针 array nal trunc padding ica while 出现 符号 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/jmwm/p/9680917.htmldef open(file, mode=‘r‘, buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True)
1 def open(file, mode=‘r‘, buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True): # known special case of open
2 """
3 Open file and return a stream. Raise IOError upon failure.
4
5 file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
6 if the file isn‘t in the current working directory) of the file to
7 be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
8 wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
9 returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
10
11 mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
12 is opened. It defaults to ‘r‘ which means open for reading in text
13 mode. Other common values are ‘w‘ for writing (truncating the file if
14 it already exists), ‘x‘ for creating and writing to a new file, and
15 ‘a‘ for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
16 append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
17 In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
18 dependent: locale.getpreferredencoding(False) is called to get the
19 current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary
20 mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are:
21
22 ========= ===============================================================
23 Character Meaning
24 --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
25 ‘r‘ open for reading (default)
26 ‘w‘ open for writing, truncating the file first
27 ‘x‘ create a new file and open it for writing
28 ‘a‘ open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
29 ‘b‘ binary mode
30 ‘t‘ text mode (default)
31 ‘+‘ open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
32 ‘U‘ universal newline mode (deprecated)
33 ========= ===============================================================
34
35 The default mode is ‘rt‘ (open for reading text). For binary random
36 access, the mode ‘w+b‘ opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
37 ‘r+b‘ opens the file without truncation. The ‘x‘ mode implies ‘w‘ and
38 raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.
39
40 Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
41 even when the underlying operating system doesn‘t. Files opened in
42 binary mode (appending ‘b‘ to the mode argument) return contents as
43 bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
44 ‘t‘ is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
45 returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
46 platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
47
48 ‘U‘ mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions
49 of Python. It has no effect in Python 3. Use newline to control
50 universal newlines mode.
51
52 buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
53 Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
54 line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
55 the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is
56 given, the default buffering policy works as follows:
57
58 * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
59 is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device‘s
60 "block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
61 On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
62
63 * "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
64 use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above
65 for binary files.
66
67 encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
68 file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
69 platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
70 passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
71
72 errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
73 be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
74 ‘strict‘ to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
75 (the default of None has the same effect), or pass ‘ignore‘ to ignore
76 errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
77 See the documentation for codecs.register or run ‘help(codecs.Codec)‘
78 for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.
79
80 newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
81 mode). It can be None, ‘‘, ‘\n‘, ‘\r‘, and ‘\r\n‘. It works as
82 follows:
83
84 * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
85 enabled. Lines in the input can end in ‘\n‘, ‘\r‘, or ‘\r\n‘, and
86 these are translated into ‘\n‘ before being returned to the
87 caller. If it is ‘‘, universal newline mode is enabled, but line
88 endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
89 the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
90 string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
91
92 * On output, if newline is None, any ‘\n‘ characters written are
93 translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
94 newline is ‘‘ or ‘\n‘, no translation takes place. If newline is any
95 of the other legal values, any ‘\n‘ characters written are translated
96 to the given string.
97
98 If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
99 when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
100 and must be True in that case.
101
102 A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
103 underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
104 calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
105 file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
106 similar to passing None).
107
108 open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
109 through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
110 are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode (‘w‘,
111 ‘r‘, ‘wt‘, ‘rt‘, etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
112 a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
113 mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
114 modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
115 a BufferedRandom.
116
117 It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
118 reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
119 opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
120 opened in a binary mode.
121 """
122 pass
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
f = open(‘demo‘)
print(f)
f.close()
# <_io.textiowrapper name="‘demo‘" mode="‘r‘" encoding="‘UTF-8‘">
#python3默认以可读(r)、‘utf-8‘编码方式打开文件
###===r模式打开文件===
f = open(‘demo.txt‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘) #文件句柄
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.close()
###===w模式打开文件===
#a.该文件存在
f = open(‘demo.txt‘,mode=‘w‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
# data = f.read() #io.UnsupportedOperation: not readable,不可读
f.close()
#发现使用w打开原有文件，尽管什么都不做，该文件内容已被清空
###b.该文件不存在
f = open(‘demo1.txt‘,mode=‘w‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
f.close()
#不存在则创建该文件
###===a模式打开文件===
f = open(‘demo2.txt‘,mode=‘a‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
# data = f.read() #io.UnsupportedOperation: not readable
f.write(‘这是一首词牌名!‘)
f.close()
#该文件不存在则创建新文件并写入内容，存在则在后面追加内容。
###===b模式打开文件===
# f = open(‘demo2.txt‘,mode=‘b‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
# #ValueError: binary mode doesn‘t take an encoding argument
# f = open(‘demo2.txt‘,mode=‘b‘)
#alueError: Must have exactly one of create/read/write/append mode and at most one plus
f = open(‘demo3.txt‘,mode=‘br‘)
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.close()
###===t模式打开文件===
# f = open(‘demo3.txt‘,‘t‘)
#ValueError: Must have exactly one of create/read/write/append mode and at most one plus
f = open(‘demo3.txt‘,‘tr‘)
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.close()
###===x模式打开文件===
# 如果文件存在则报错：FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: ‘demo4.txt‘
f = open(‘demo41.txt‘,mode=‘x‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
f.write(‘人生苦短，我用python‘)
f.close()
###===+模式打开文件===
# f = open(‘demo4.txt‘,‘+‘)
#ValueError: Must have exactly one of create/read/write/append mode and at most one plus
#+需要和a/r/w/x结合使用,并且添加追加功能，即写文件不删除原内容
f = open(‘demo4.txt‘,‘r+‘)
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.write("人生苦短，我用python") #不删除原有内容
f.close()
###===U模式打开文件===
f = open(‘demo5.txt‘,‘U‘)
# f.write(‘hello‘) #io.UnsupportedOperation: not writable不可写
print(f.readlines()) #[‘adcdefg\n‘, ‘ dsfsdfs\n‘, ‘hijklmn‘]
f.close()
1 def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
2 """
3 Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
4
5 Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
6 In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
7 Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
8 """
9 return ""
10
11 def readline(self, limit=-1):
12 """Read and return one line from the stream.
13
14 :type limit: numbers.Integral
15 :rtype: unicode
16 """
17 pass
18
19 def readlines(self, hint=-1):
20 """Read and return a list of lines from the stream.
21
22 :type hint: numbers.Integral
23 :rtype: list[unicode]
24 """
25 return []
从文件中一次性读取所有内容，该方法耗内存。#Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
f = open(‘demo‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
data = f.read()
print(data)
f.close()
f = open(‘demo.txt‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
data = f.read(5) #读取文件前5个字节
print(data)
f.close()
f = open(‘demo‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
while True:
line = f.readline()
if line:
print(line.strip())
else:
print(line) #空
print(bool(line)) #False
break
f = open(‘demo‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
while True:
line = f.readline(8)
if line:
print(line.strip())
else:
break
‘‘‘
###################demo文件内容##############
伫倚危楼风细细。
望极春愁，黯黯生天际。
草色烟光残照里。无言谁会凭阑意。
拟把疏狂图一醉。
对酒当歌，强乐还无味。
衣带渐宽终不悔。为伊消得人憔悴。
#########################################
运行结果：
伫倚危楼风细细。
望极春愁，黯黯生
天际。
草色烟光残照里。
无言谁会凭阑意。
拟把疏狂图一醉。
对酒当歌，强乐还
无味。
衣带渐宽终不悔。
为伊消得人憔悴。
‘‘‘
f = open(‘demo‘,‘r‘)
lines = f.readlines()
print(lines)
print(type(lines)) #返回的是一个列表
1 #方法一：使用readlines一次性读取
2 f = open(‘demo‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
3 data = f.readlines()
4 for index,line in enumerate(data):
5 if index==5:
6 break
7 print(line)
8 f.close()
9
10 #方法二：使用readline逐行读取（推荐该方法，省内存）
11 f = open(‘demo‘,mode=‘r‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
12 for line in range(5):
13 print(f.readline())
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