python学习8_1 面向对象(继承、多态、封装)以及零散概念(组合,property,绑定方法与非绑定方法,反射,内置函数)
2021-07-14 07:07
标签:目的 set 功能 @class format prope 字符 ini icm 示例:可以通过__bases__属性查看继承关系 示例:继承 特殊情况,棱形继承 @property print(obj1.bmi) __del__ 示例,对象被删除前触发 python学习8_1 面向对象(继承、多态、封装)以及零散概念(组合,property,绑定方法与非绑定方法,反射,内置函数) 标签:目的 set 功能 @class format prope 字符 ini icm 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/cooky/p/9539366.html继承
python中的继承注意两点:
1.在Python中支持一个子类同时继承多个父类
2.python中类分两种:
新式类:继承了Object
经典类:没有继承Object
作用:
1.减少代码冗余,解决的是类与类之间的代码冗余关系class Parent1:
pass
class Parent2:
pass
class SubClass(Parent1,Parent2):
pass
print(Parent1.__bases__)
print(SubClass.__bases__)
class People:
school=‘oldboy‘
def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
self.name=name
self.age=age
self.sex=sex
class Student(People):
def __init__(self,name,age,sex,num=0):
# 指明道姓的重用父类中的方法
People.__init__(self,name,age,sex)
self.score=num
def choose_course(self):
print(‘%s is choosing course‘ %self.name)
class Teacher(People):
def __init__(self,name,age,sex,level):
People.__init__(self,name,age,sex)
self.level=level
def score(self,stu,num):
stu.score=num
stu1=Student(‘jack‘,18,‘male‘)
print(stu1.__dict__)
teacher1=Teacher(‘helen‘,19,‘female‘,‘high‘)
print(teacher1.__dict__)
单继承下的属性查找
自身=》类=》父类。。。class Foo:
def f1(self):
print(‘Foo.f1‘)
def f2(self):
self.f1()
class Bar(Foo):
def f1(self):
print(‘Bar.f1‘)
obj1 = Bar()
# => obj1自身找f2,无 =>去类Bar中找f2,无=>去父类Foo中找f2,有
# => f2中obj1.f1 => obj1中找f1,无 =>去类Bar中找f1,有
obj1.f2()
多继承下的属性查找
1.从左往右一个分支一个分支的遍历
python2:深度优先,第一个分支就会找到顶级类
python3:广度优先,最后一个分支找到顶级类,mro()可以查看类的继承顺序print(Bar.mro())
super(类名,对象本身),返回值是一个用来访问父类属性的对象
完全参照mro算法class School:
school_name = "mySchool"
def __init__(self, name, age, sex):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.sex = sex
class Student(School):
def __init__(self, name, age, sex, score):
super(Student, self).__init__(name, age, sex)
self.score = score
self.course = []
def choosing_course(self):
print(‘%s is choosing course‘ % self.name)
def tell_course(self):
for item in self.course:
print(‘%s_%s_%s‘ % (item.c_name, item.c_price, item.c_period))
class Teacher(School):
def __init__(self, name, age, sex, level):
super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, age, sex)
self.level = level
def give_score(self, stu, num):
stu.score = num
stu1 = Student(‘jack‘, 18, ‘male‘, 0)
tea1 = Teacher(‘helen‘, 19, ‘female‘, 1)
利用组合减少代码冗余
组合指的是一个对象拥有某一个属性,该属性的值是另外一个类的对象
obj=Foo()
obj.attr=Bar()
obj.attr.Bar中的属性class Course:
def __init__(self, c_name, c_price, c_period):
self.c_name = c_name
self.c_price = c_price
self.c_period = c_period
def tell_info(self):
print(‘%s_%s_%s‘ % (self.c_name, self.c_price, self.c_period))
course1 = Course(‘python‘, 100, 10)
course2 = Course(‘linux‘, 200, 20)
stu1.course.append(course1)
stu1.course.append(course2)
stu1.tell_course()
多态:同一种事物的多种形态
多态性的特点就是统一import abc
# 抽象基类,是用来定义规范的,不能够实例化
class Animal(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
@abc.abstractmethod
def speak(self):
pass
# 子类
class People(Animal):
def speak(self):
print(‘say hello‘)
# 子类
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print(‘wangwangwang‘)
obj1 = People()
obj2 = Dog()
# 定义统一的方法接口
def speak(animal):
animal.speak()
‘‘‘封装
在类内定义的属性前加__开头这种封装其实是一种变形,并没有真正限制访问
可以通过_dict_查看
__country变成了_People__country封装数据属性的目的是把属性隐藏起来,不让外部“直接”使用,可以加一些验证之类的事情
封装函数属性的目的:隔离复杂度class People:
__country = ‘China‘
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name
def run(self):
print(‘%s is running‘ % self.__name)
obj1 = People(‘jack‘)
# obj1.run()
print(People.__dict__)
class People:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.__name = name
self.__age = age
def tell_info(self):
print(‘%s_%s‘ % (self.__name, self.__age))
def set_info(self, name, age):
if type(name) is not str:
print(‘name format is not right‘)
return
if type(age) is not int:
print(‘age format is not right‘)
return
self.__name = name
self.__age = age
obj1 = People(‘jack‘, 18)
# obj1.tell_info()
obj1.set_info(‘JACK‘, 18)
# obj1.tell_info()
property:把函数属性伪装成数据属性
class People3:
def __init__(self, name, weight, height):
self.name = name
self.weight = weight
self.height = height
def bmi(self):
return self.weight / self.height
obj1 = People3(‘jack‘, 100, 20)1.绑定方法
1.1 绑定给对象
1.2 绑定给类
2.非绑定方法
1.1 就是一个普通函数class Foo:
def func1(self):
print(‘绑定给对象的‘)
@classmethod
def func2(cls):
print(‘绑定给类的‘)
@staticmethod
def func3():
‘普通方法‘
反射:通过字符串来操作属性
hasattr()
getattr()
setattr()
delattr()class Foo:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
obj1 = Foo(‘jack‘)
print(hasattr(obj1, ‘name‘))
print(getattr(obj1, ‘name‘))
setattr(obj1, ‘age‘, 18)
print(getattr(obj1, ‘age‘))
内置函数:可以重写做一些定制化的功能
__str__ 示例,对象被打印是触发class Foo:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
return ‘
class Foo:
def __del__(self):
print(‘run del....‘)
obj = Foo()
print(‘other code‘)
使用场景,一旦python代码占有了除python自己的资源,就需要在__del__中释放
#伪代码
class Foo:
def __init__(self, filename, encoding=‘utf-8‘):
self.f = open(filename, ‘r‘, encoding=encoding)
def __del__(self):
self.f.close()
文章标题:python学习8_1 面向对象(继承、多态、封装)以及零散概念(组合,property,绑定方法与非绑定方法,反射,内置函数)
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