Ubuntu和Win 10下用CMAKE + SWIG 为C#写动态库

2021-01-06 14:28

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本文采用这个项目的教学代码:

https://github.com/Mizux/dotnet-native

作者自称是cmake的开发人员,不知道真假,不过这个项目代码组织看起来挺专业的,就它了。这里主要研究如何用cmake + swig + dotnet + gcc/vc 将代码部署到ubuntu和winows下面,代码本身功能不是重点。

1 Make It Work

1.1 Ubuntu

可以参考https://github.com/Mizux/dotnet-native/blob/master/ci/docker/ubuntu/Dockerfile,这里略有修改,下载了各个软件的最新版本

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt install g++
g++ --version                                                         #检查一下版本,显示7.5.0, 这里我们想用最新版本g++-9
sudo apt install software-properties-common                           #参考https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-install-gcc-compiler-on-ubuntu-18-04/#installing-gcc-on-ubuntu
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt install g++-9
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-9 90 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-9 --slave /usr/bin/gcov gcov /usr/bin/gcov-9
g++ --version                                                         #检查一下版本,本例子中已经更新为9.3.0
wget "https://cmake.org/files/v3.17/cmake-3.17.2-Linux-x86_64.sh"     #sudo apt install cmake只能下载到3.10版本,本例子需要在3.14或以上版本
chmod a+x cmake-3.17.2-Linux-x86_64.sh
sudo ./cmake-3.17.2-Linux-x86_64.sh --prefix=/usr/local/ --skip-license
rm cmake-3.17.2-Linux-x86_64.sh
cmake --version                                                       #检查一下版本,3.17.2。使用terminal的需要重开一个窗口,否则会显示找不到cmake
wget ftp://ftp.pcre.org/pub/pcre/pcre-8.00.tar.gz                     #下载pcre,安装swig 4.0版本需要, sudo apt-get install -y swig只能拿到3.0.12版本
tar -xzf pcre-8.00.tar.gz
cd pcre-8.00/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/pcre                                  #安装到/usr/local/pcre/bin/pcre-config
make
sudo make install                                                     #pcre安装完成
PATH=/usr/local/pcre/bin:$PATH                                        #让pcre-config可以直接被call
cd ..
http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/swig/swig-4.0.2.tar.gz             
tar -xzf swig-4.0.2.tar.gz
cd swig-4.0.2                                                         #参考http://www.swig.org/Doc4.0/SWIGDocumentation.html#Preface_unix_installation
./configure
make
sudo make install
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pcre/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH           #把libpcre.so.0加入系统库目录中
swig -version                                                         #检查一下版本,本例子中使用的是4.0.2版本
cd ..
sudo apt-get update -qq                                               #安装.NET
sudo apt-get install -yq wget apt-transport-https
wget -q https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb -O packages-microsoft-prod.deb
sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb
sudo apt-get update -qq
sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -yq dotnet-sdk-3.1
sudo apt-get clean
dotnet --version                                                      #检查版本,本例子中是3.1.301
git clone https://github.com/Mizux/dotnet-native                      #下载项目代码
cd dotnet-native
cmake -S. -Bbuild
cmake --build build --target all -v
sudo cmake --build build --target install -v
cmake --build build --target test -v                                  #should read 100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 3
cd ..
mkdir sample
cd sample
cp ../dotnet-native/build/dotnet/packages/*.nupkg ./
cp ../dotnet-native/ci/samples/* ./                                   #sample目录下有Mizux.Foo.1.0.0.nupkg  Mizux.Foo.runtime.linux-x64.1.0.0.nupkg  Mizux.Sample.csproj  Sample.cs
dotnet build
dotnet run                                                            #[1] Enter FooApp
                                                                      #[2] Enter Foo::hello(int)
                                                                      #[3] Enter fooHello(int)
                                                                      #[3] Exit fooHello(int)
                                                                      #[2] Exit Foo::hello(int)
                                                                      #[1] Exit FooApp
                                                                      #成功!!

1.2 Windows

安装CMake

去https://cmake.org/download/ 下载并安装cmake-3.16.8-win64-x64.msi

安装完应该能看到

技术图片

安装visual studio 2019

现在都免费了.去https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/下载prefessional版本

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本项目需要c++和c#,所以要安装两个workload

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下载github教学代码

可以下载zip,并解压

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构建项目

打开CMake,点击右上角Browse Source,选择上面解压后dotnet-native-master目录

browse build里面的路径=Browse Source里面的路径 + /build,完成后点击左下configure

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这时会让你选择generator,这里选择Visual Studio 16 2019,然后点击Finish

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这个过程需要十几秒,然后会在下框中显示Configuration done

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然后点击Generate按钮,下框中显示Generating done。

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点击Open Project,这时会弹出Visual Studio 2019,点击Build Solution, 开始编译项目

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编译完成后,File->Close Solution关闭项目。 此时build/dotnet/packages下有了nupkg文件,这就是build产生的包文件。接下来用例子说们怎么用这个包文件

测试样例

重新打开一个项目:Ctrl+Shift+O 打开 dotnet-native-master\ci\samples\Mizux.Sample.csproj

设置nupkg,首先卸载Mizux.Sample.csproj中的Mizux.Foo包,因为这个包默认是从nuget.org上下载的, 具体可以打开Mizux.Sample.csproj,看里面的设置。

Tools->NuGet Package Manager-> Manage NuGet Packages for Solution,在installed面板左边选择Mizux.Foo,在右边选择Mizux.Sample,点击Uninstall

技术图片

接着需要载入本地编译好的Mizux.Foo包。Tools->Options->NuGet Package Manager->Packages Sources,在右边点绿色的+按钮添加一个包,name填写Mizux.Foo,Source里面选择
dotnet-native-master\dotnet-native-master\build\dotnet\packages,即含有nupkg和snupkg的文件夹。然后点击OK,这样就设置好路径了。

技术图片

接下来添加nupkg文件,右键Mizux.Sample,选择Manager NuGet Packages

技术图片
在Browse面板冲,在右上角的下拉框中选择Mizux.Foo (默认是nuget.org),然后在左边选择Mizux.Foo,最后点击右边的install。

技术图片

现在已经把Mizux.Foo.1.0.0.nupkg安装到项目中了。最后点击绿色的运行按钮,执行结果如下:

技术图片

2 代码分析

先看看代码组织:

xian@chaos:~/code/dotnet-native$ tree
.
├── AUTHORS
├── ci
│?? ├── doc
│?? │?? ├── deps.dot
│?? │?? ├── deps.svg
│?? │?? └── generate_image.sh
│?? ├── docker
│?? │?? ├── alpine
│?? │?? │?? └── Dockerfile
│?? │?? ├── archlinux
│?? │?? │?? └── Dockerfile
│?? │?? ├── centos
│?? │?? │?? └── Dockerfile
│?? │?? ├── debian
│?? │?? │?? └── Dockerfile
│?? │?? ├── fedora
│?? │?? │?? └── Dockerfile
│?? │?? ├── opensuse
│?? │?? │?? └── Dockerfile
│?? │?? └── ubuntu
│?? │??     └── Dockerfile
│?? ├── Makefile
│?? ├── README.md
│?? └── samples
│??     ├── Mizux.Sample.csproj
│??     └── Sample.cs
├── cmake
│?? ├── CMakeLists.txt.swig
│?? ├── cpp.cmake
│?? ├── dotnet.cmake
│?? ├── FooConfig.cmake.in
│?? └── swig.cmake
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── doc
│?? ├── full_pipeline.dot
│?? ├── full_pipeline.png
│?? ├── full_pipeline.svg
│?? ├── generate_image.sh
│?? ├── legend.dot
│?? ├── legend.png
│?? ├── legend.svg
│?? ├── local_pipeline.dot
│?? ├── local_pipeline.png
│?? └── local_pipeline.svg
├── dotnet
│?? ├── base.i
│?? ├── Directory.Build.props
│?? ├── FooApp.cs
│?? ├── FooTests.cs
│?? ├── logo.png
│?? ├── logo.svg
│?? ├── Mizux.FooApp.csproj.in
│?? ├── Mizux.Foo.csproj.in
│?? ├── Mizux.Foo.runtime.csproj.in
│?? └── Mizux.FooTests.csproj.in
├── Foo
│?? ├── CMakeLists.txt
│?? ├── dotnet
│?? │?? ├── CMakeLists.txt
│?? │?? └── foo.i
│?? ├── include
│?? │?? └── foo
│?? │??     └── Foo.hpp
│?? ├── src
│?? │?? └── Foo.cpp
│?? └── test
│??     ├── CMakeLists.txt
│??     └── src
│??         ├── Foo_UT.cpp
│??         └── main.cpp
├── LICENSE
└── README.md
21 directories, 51 files

先看一下代码,知道这个项目做了什么

2.1 Foo/src/Foo.cpp

#include "foo/Foo.hpp"

#include 

namespace foo {
void fooHello(int level) {
  std::cout 

就是一些set和print,根据输入是int64还是int调用不同的函数

2.2 Foo/include/foo/Foo.hpp

#pragma once

#include 
#include 

namespace foo {
void fooHello(int level);
void fooHello(int64_t level);

class Foo {
 public:
  static void hello(int level);

  static void hello(int64_t level);

  int getInt() const;

  void setInt(int input);

  int64_t getInt64() const;

  void setInt64(int64_t input);

  std::string operator()() const;

 private:
  int     _intValue   = 0;
  int64_t _int64Value = 0;
};
} // namespace foo

2.3 Foo/dotnet/foo.i

其中/* */是本文追加注释
%module csFoo
/* c#没有普通函数,所有函数必须是类的成员函数,如何调用c++的普通函数呢,可以用csFoo.函数名来调用,比如csFoo.fooHello(12) */

%include "std_string.i"
/* 提供std::string接口 */
%include "base.i"

// Add necessary symbols to generated header
%{
#include 
%}
/* 在翻译产生的 /home/xian/code/dotnet-native/build/dotnet/Foo/Foo/fooCSHARP_wrap.cxx 文件中加入#include  */
/* swig只负责翻译,对于翻译好的c++代码中的函数由来,需要人工指定其头文件 */

%ignore ""; /* 忽略头文件中所有的声明 参考 http://www.swig.org/Doc3.0/SWIGDocumentation.html#SWIG_chosen_unignore */
%define %unignore %rename("%s") %enddef
/* %rename(A) B;
   %include "header.h"
   将 header.h中的B函数重新命名为A供c#调用。这是为了防止c#和c++函数重名。
   
   %rename("%s") "" 相当于 对于任意的A %rename(A) A
   %define %unignore %rename("%s") %enddef 是一个宏,
   %rename("A") 展开为 %unignore %rename("A") 
   比如 %rename("FooHello") fooHello(int); 展开为
   %unignore %rename("FooHello") fooHello(int); 即不忽略fooHello(int)函数,并将其重命名为FooHello
*/


%unignore foo;
namespace foo {
%rename("FooHello") fooHello(int);
%rename("FooHello") fooHello(int64_t);

%unignore Foo;
%rename("Hello") Foo::hello(int);
%rename("Hello") Foo::hello(int64_t);

%rename("GetInt") Foo::getInt() const;
%rename("SetInt") Foo::setInt(int);

%rename("GetInt64") Foo::getInt64() const;
%rename("SetInt64") Foo::setInt64(int64_t);

%rename ("ToString") Foo::operator();
/* c#中 A.ToString()调用的是A()
} // namespace foo

// Process symbols in header
%include "foo/Foo.hpp"

%unignore ""; // unignore all

2.4 dotnet/base.i

%include "stdint.i"
%include "typemaps.i"

#if defined(SWIGCSHARP)
#if defined(SWIGWORDSIZE64)
// By default SWIG map C++ long int (i.e. int64_t) to C# int
// But we want to map it to C# long so we reuse the typemap for C++ long long.
// ref: https://github.com/swig/swig/blob/master/Lib/csharp/typemaps.i
// ref: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/builtin-types/integral-numeric-types
%define PRIMITIVE_TYPEMAP(NEW_TYPE, TYPE)
%clear NEW_TYPE;
%clear NEW_TYPE *;
%clear NEW_TYPE &;
%clear const NEW_TYPE &;
%apply TYPE { NEW_TYPE };
%apply TYPE * { NEW_TYPE * };
%apply TYPE & { NEW_TYPE & };
%apply const TYPE & { const NEW_TYPE & };
%enddef // PRIMITIVE_TYPEMAP
PRIMITIVE_TYPEMAP(long int, long long);
PRIMITIVE_TYPEMAP(unsigned long int, unsigned long long);
#undef PRIMITIVE_TYPEMAP
#endif // defined(SWIGWORDSIZE64)
#endif // defined(SWIGCSHARP)

映射了一些类型,这一段代码应该对所有c#项目有效,无需修改,就不深究了。

2.5 dotnet/FooApp.cs

using System;

using Mizux.Foo;

namespace FooApp {
  class Program {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
      int level = 1;
      Console.WriteLine($"[{level}] Enter FooApp");
      Foo.Hello(level+1);
      Console.WriteLine($"[{level}] Exit FooApp");
    }
  }
}

根据前面的分析,该代码应该输出

[1] Enter FooApp
[2] Enter Foo::hello(int)
[3] Enter fooHello(int)
[3] Exit fooHello(int)
[2] Exit Foo::hello(int)
[1] Exit FooApp

3 项目组织代码*.csproj代码分析

4 CMake构建、安装代码分析

4.1 CMakeLists.txt

现在开始理解cmake的流程了。从根目录的CMakeLists.txt看起。###后面跟的是本文的注释

# This file is just an orchestration
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)  ### cmake版本至少3.14 
list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")  ###相当于 g++ -Icmake
###${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}指的是含有当前CMakeLists.txt的文件夹,即根目录

option(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS "Export compile command" TRUE)
###设置了一个cmake build的参数,默认值为TRUE,具体作用应该在后面作为条件build的根据

project(Foo VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES CXX)
###设置${PROJECT_NAME} = Foo, ${PROJECT_VERSION} = 1.0 语言是C++
message(STATUS "project: ${PROJECT_NAME}") ###打印 project: Foo
message(STATUS "version: ${PROJECT_VERSION}")  ### version: 1.0

# Force default build type to Release
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)   ###cmake build时候可以用-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release/Debug/... 
                           ### 设置build type是release还是debug还是其他,
  set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "Release" CACHE STRING   
                           ###默认是Release, 
                           ###CACHE=global,表明这个type对其他cmake,CMakeLists文件有效
    "Choose the type of build, options are: Debug, Release (default), RelWithDebInfo and MinSizeRel."
    FORCE) ###如果CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE被其他调用该项目的项目设置过,这里则强制重新设置。
endif(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)

# Layout build dir like install dir
include(GNUInstallDirs)   ### 定义了一些安装所需要的路径变量,比如CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR用于安装执行程序的相对路径。 
                          ###(安装实际上就是复制build好的文件到指定的目录,以便系统调用)
if(UNIX)
  option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build shared libraries(.so or .dyld)." ON)    ###build 动态连接库,默认是TRUE
  set(CMAKE_BUILD_WITH_INSTALL_RPATH TRUE)  
    ### 启用RPATH。当CMake build好可执行文件a.exe以及它所依赖的动态库b.so后,安装时会将他们复制到指定的目录中去,
    ### 根据系统不同,安装的绝对路径也不同,比如python3.6/...和python3.7/... 这样安装好的a.exe不可能通过绝对路径寻找b.so,因此RPATH
    ### 就用来提供寻找b.so的相对路径
  set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}) 
    ### CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = build/lib 存放build好的*.so或*.dll等动态库文件
  set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}) 
    ### CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = build/lib 存放build好的*.a或*.lib等静态库文件
  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
   ### CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = build/bin 存放build好的可执行文件
  # for multi-config build system (e.g. xcode) 
  foreach(OUTPUTCONFIG IN LISTS CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
    string(TOUPPER ${OUTPUTCONFIG} OUTPUTCONFIG)
    set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${OUTPUTCONFIG} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${OUTPUTCONFIG}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR})
    set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${OUTPUTCONFIG} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${OUTPUTCONFIG}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR})
    set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${OUTPUTCONFIG} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${OUTPUTCONFIG}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
  endforeach()
else()
  # Currently Only support static build for windows
  set(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS OFF)   ###如果是windows,不产生动态库
  set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
  set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
  # for multi-config builds (e.g. msvc)
  foreach(OUTPUTCONFIG IN LISTS CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES) ###such as Debug, Release, RelWithDebInfo etc.
    string(TOUPPER ${OUTPUTCONFIG} OUTPUTCONFIG)  ###Debug => DEBUG
    set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${OUTPUTCONFIG} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${OUTPUTCONFIG}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
       ###CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_DEBUG = build/DEBUG/bin
    set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${OUTPUTCONFIG} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${OUTPUTCONFIG}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
    set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${OUTPUTCONFIG} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${OUTPUTCONFIG}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
  endforeach()
endif()

include(CTest)       ###先跳过单元测试
if(BUILD_TESTING)
  include(FetchContent)
  FetchContent_Declare(
    Catch2
    GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2.git
    GIT_TAG master
    GIT_SHALLOW TRUE
    GIT_PROGRESS TRUE
  )
  FetchContent_MakeAvailable(Catch2)
endif()

include(cpp)  ### include "cmake/cpp.cmake"

if(WIN32)
  include(swig)    ###include "cmake/swig.cmake"
endif()

include(dotnet)    ###include "cmake/dotnet.cmake"

看来根目录的CMakeLists.txt主要设置了一些公共变量,至于具体执行什么还要看cmake下面的*.cmake文件

4.2 cmake/cpp.cmake

# Check primitive types
include(CMakePushCheckState)    ###这几行不知道要干嘛
cmake_push_check_state(RESET)   
set(CMAKE_EXTRA_INCLUDE_FILES "cstdint")
include(CheckTypeSize)
check_type_size("long" SIZEOF_LONG LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found long size: ${SIZEOF_LONG}")
check_type_size("long long" SIZEOF_LONG_LONG LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found long long size: ${SIZEOF_LONG_LONG}")
check_type_size("int64_t" SIZEOF_INT64_T LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found int64_t size: ${SIZEOF_INT64_T}")

check_type_size("unsigned long" SIZEOF_ULONG LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found unsigned long size: ${SIZEOF_ULONG}")
check_type_size("unsigned long long" SIZEOF_ULONG_LONG LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found unsigned long long size: ${SIZEOF_ULONG_LONG}")
check_type_size("uint64_t" SIZEOF_UINT64_T LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found uint64_t size: ${SIZEOF_UINT64_T}")

check_type_size("int *" SIZEOF_INT_P LANGUAGE CXX)
message(STATUS "Found int * size: ${SIZEOF_INT_P}")
cmake_pop_check_state()

add_subdirectory(Foo)  ### include ../Foo/CMakeList.txt

# Install
include(GNUInstallDirs)   ###和之前一样,取出一些预定义的安装路径变量
install(EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}Targets 
    ###安装FooTargets中的Devel部分(命令最后COMPONENT=Devel)
    ###FooTargets在别的地方定义,build完之后,会产生一个FooTargets.cmake文件
    ###该文件用来让别的项目调用FooTargets
    ###用install(EXPORT 将FooTargets中的Devel部分安装到指定目录DESTINATION
  NAMESPACE ${PROJECT_NAME}::       
    ###在别的项目引用FooTargets的时候加上Foo::前缀
    ###即target_link_libraries(xxx Foo::FooTargets)
  DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/${PROJECT_NAME}   
      ###${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/lib/cmake/Foo 
      ###linux 上 ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}默认为/usr/local 
      ###windows 上默认为 C:\Program Files
      ###注意默认的路径需要root账号才有写权限,
      ###可以通过cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/Software/recipe-01 修改
  COMPONENT Devel)
include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers) ###产生配置文件,这个文件用来检查一些文件是否存在
configure_package_config_file(cmake/${PROJECT_NAME}Config.cmake.in
    ### 配置cmake/FooConfig.cmake.in (将文件中的变量替换)并复制到
  "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}Config.cmake"  ###build/FooConfig.cmake
  INSTALL_DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/${PROJECT_NAME}"
    ###再安装到lib/cmake/Foo下面
  NO_SET_AND_CHECK_MACRO  ###FooConfig.cmake中不含有set_and_check()
  NO_CHECK_REQUIRED_COMPONENTS_MACRO)  ###不含有 check_required_components()
write_basic_package_version_file(
  "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}ConfigVersion.cmake"
  COMPATIBILITY SameMajorVersion) ###设置版本为主版本号 
   ###CMake的版本格式为 Release: ..[-rc] 
   ###                Develop: ..[-]
install(
  FILES  ###复制文件
  "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}Config.cmake"
  "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}ConfigVersion.cmake"
  DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/${PROJECT_NAME}"
  COMPONENT Devel)

看一下cmake/FooConfig.cmake.in文件,也就是一个include

include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/FooTargets.cmake") 
### CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR为当前文件所在的目录

4.3 Foo/CMakeLists.txt

add_library(Foo "") ###添加一个库
target_sources(Foo  ###添加代码
  PUBLIC
    $
    $
    ###此处带有尖括号的部分称为生成器表达式,这两行的意思是:
    ###如果当前是build阶段,则包含${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/foo/Foo.hpp
    ###如果当前是install阶段,则包含include/foo/Foo.hpp
    ###这是因为在build阶段,我们用的是原始的代码文件,CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR = /home/xian/code/dotnet-native/Foo
    ###在install阶段,源文件会被安装到某一个地方,所以需要用安装地的路径
  PRIVATE
    src/Foo.cpp
  )
  ### PUBLIC: 目标中public的部分对其他项目可见, 因为其他项目调用该库的时候是需要知道其头文件的,所以这里为public
  ### 如果有很多头文件,其中只有一个头文件是对外可见的,则将该文件放入到INSTALL_INTERFACE中
  ### 如果头文件如果都放在一个目录中(可以有子目录),那么只需要设置该目录(不需要例举子目录)即可包含所有头文件。
  ### PRIVATE: 对其他项目不可见。常常是cpp文件。这部分需要显式包含所有文件

target_include_directories(Foo ###包含头文件目录,相当于g++ -IFoo
  PUBLIC
    $
    $
  )
  
target_compile_features(Foo PUBLIC cxx_std_11) 
  ###std=c++11
  ###PUBLIC ???
set_target_properties(Foo PROPERTIES
  VERSION ${PROJECT_VERSION}
  PUBLIC_HEADER $ 
   ### PUBLIC_HEADER = Foo.INTERFACE_SOURCES
   ### 可以用 file(GENERATE OUTPUT aaa.txt CONTENT $)
   ### 打印出值
   ### 这个值和BUILD_INTERFACE相同:/home/xian/code/dotnet-native/Foo/include/foo/Foo.hpp
   ###$ = tgt.prop
  )

add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}::Foo ALIAS Foo)  ### 将Foo::Foo重新命名为Foo , Foo::为之前设置的NAMESPACE

if(BUILD_TESTING)
  add_subdirectory(test)
endif()

# Install
install(TARGETS Foo    ###此处定义install 目标
  EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}Targets  ###将Foo目标输出为FooTargets目标 (FooTargets.cmake)
  PUBLIC_HEADER DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/foo ###头文件安装到 include/foo
  ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}  ###静态库安装到lib
  LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}  ###动态库安装到lib
  #RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
  )

4.4 cmake/dotnet.cmake

# Will need swig
set(CMAKE_SWIG_FLAGS)  ###设置一些swig的变量,比如set(CMAKE_SWIG_FLAGS -DPL_DOUBLE_INTERFACE -DSWIG_PYTHON)
                       ###这里什么都没有设置,只是引入,后面会设置
find_package(SWIG REQUIRED) ###寻找SWIG
include(UseSWIG)  ###include UseSWIG.cmake 参考https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/blob/master/Modules/UseSWIG.cmake

if(UNIX AND NOT APPLE)
  list(APPEND CMAKE_SWIG_FLAGS "-DSWIGWORDSIZE64")
endif()

# Find dotnet
find_program(DOTNET_EXECUTABLE dotnet)  ###寻找dotnet的执行文件,需要安装dotnet
if(NOT DOTNET_EXECUTABLE)
  message(FATAL_ERROR "Check for dotnet Program: not found")
else()
  message(STATUS "Found dotnet Program: ${DOTNET_EXECUTABLE}")
endif()
### ${DOTNET_EXECUTABLE} = dotnet

# Create the native library
###native是最初始的包装c++的库,可供c#调用
add_library(mizux-foo-native SHARED "")  ###添加动态库mizux-foo-native
set_target_properties(mizux-foo-native PROPERTIES
  PREFIX "" ###如果PREFIX = xxx则生成xxxmizux-foo-native.so
  POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)   ###代码位置独立
     ###多个程序利用相同的动态库时,动态库只加载一遍,从而减小内存
     ###这个共享的动态库只有一个代码地址,与具体调用程序无关,所以是独立的
     ###具体参考 How to write shared libraries https://akkadia.org/drepper/dsohowto.pdf
# note: macOS is APPLE and also UNIX !
if(APPLE)
  set_target_properties(mizux-foo-native PROPERTIES INSTALL_RPATH "@loader_path")
  # Xcode fails to build if library doesn‘t contains at least one source file.
  if(XCODE)
    file(GENERATE
      OUTPUT ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/mizux-foo-native/version.cpp
      CONTENT "namespace {char* version = \"${PROJECT_VERSION}\";}")
    target_sources(mizux-foo-native PRIVATE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/mizux-foo-native/version.cpp)
  endif()
elseif(UNIX)
  set_target_properties(mizux-foo-native PROPERTIES INSTALL_RPATH "$ORIGIN")
  ###设置INSTALL_RPATH = $ORIGIN, $ORIGIN是指mizux-foo-native安装的目录,这句话说明安装后,
  ###mizux-foo-native.so 调用同一目录下的 libFoo.so 
  ###xian@chaos:~/code/dotnet-native/build/lib$ ls
  ###libFoo.so  libFoo.so.1.0  mizux-foo-native.so
endif()

set(DOTNET Mizux.Foo)   ###${DOTNET} = Mizux.Foo
foreach(SUBPROJECT IN ITEMS Foo) ###foreach(SUBPROJECT IN ITEMS A B C ...)
  add_subdirectory(${SUBPROJECT}/dotnet) ###include Foo/dotnet/CMakeLists.txt
  target_link_libraries(mizux-foo-native PRIVATE dotnet_${SUBPROJECT})
  ###mizux-foo-native依赖于dotnet_Foo
  ###这里的PRIVATE是指调用mizux-foo-native的项目不需要知道dotnet_Foo的实现和接口。
  ###mizux-foo-native对dotnet_Foo的所有功能进行重新封装。
  ###具体参考 https://cmake.org/pipermail/cmake/2016-May/063400.html
endforeach()

file(COPY dotnet/logo.png DESTINATION dotnet) ###复制文件
file(COPY dotnet/Directory.Build.props DESTINATION dotnet)
###Directory.Build.props是.net的文件,为一组项目统一配置版本,作者等等

###接下来是一组lib或者可执行程序。这里选取Mizux.Foo.runtime., Mizux.Foo和Mizux.FooApp分析
###############################
##  Mizux.Foo.runtime.  ##
###############################

### runtime 是一个可以独立运行的程序,包含了所有依赖,是平台dependent的
set(DOTNET_PACKAGES_DIR ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/dotnet/packages)
###DOTNET_PACKAGES_DIR = build/dotnet/packages , 所有build好的nupkg,snupkg包都放在这里
if(APPLE)
  set(RUNTIME_IDENTIFIER osx-x64)
elseif(UNIX)
  set(RUNTIME_IDENTIFIER linux-x64)
elseif(WIN32)
  set(RUNTIME_IDENTIFIER win-x64)
else()
  message(FATAL_ERROR "Unsupported system !")
endif()
set(DOTNET_NATIVE ${DOTNET}.runtime.${RUNTIME_IDENTIFIER})
###DOTNET_NATIVE = Mizux.Foo.runtime.linux-x64 (ubuntu) 或者 Mizux.Foo.runtime.win-x64 (windows)

# pom*.xml.in contains:
# CMake variable(s) (@PROJECT_NAME@) that configure_file() can manage and
# generator expression ($<...>








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