十三、CSS选择器:BeautifulSoup4

2021-03-09 15:28

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YPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">

标签:pytho   官方文档   HERE   方法   html标签   XML   from   ext   --   

(1)和lxml一样,Beautifu Soup也是一个HTML/XML的解析器,主要的功能也是如何解析和提取HTML/XML数据。

(2)lxml只会局部遍历,而Beautiful Soup是基于HTML DOM的,会载入整个文档,解析整个DOM树,因此时间和内存开销都会大很多,所以性能要低于lxml。

(3)BeautifulSoup用来解析HTML比较简单,API非常人性化,支持CSS选择器、python标准库中的HTML解析器,也支持lxml的XML解析器。

 

安装:`pip install beautifusoup4`

官方文档:https://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/

抓取工具 速度 使用难度 安装难度
正则 最快 困难 无(内置)
BeautifulSoup 最简单 简单
lxml 简单 一般

1、示例

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = """
The Dormouse‘s story

The Dormouse‘s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

""" # 创建Beautiful Soup对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html,lxml) # 打开本地HTML文件的方式来创建对象 # soup = BeautifulSoup(open(‘index.html‘)) # 格式化输出soup对象的内容 print(soup.prettify())

  运行结果:

 
<span>
   The Dormouse</span><span>‘</span><span>s story</span>
  

class="title" name="dromouse"> The Dormouses story

class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> , class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2"> Lacie and class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3"> Tillie ; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

class="story"> ...

  如果没有显示地指定解析器,会默认使用这个系统的最佳可用HTML解析器(‘lxml‘)。当在另一个系统中运行这段代码,或者在不同的虚拟环境中,使用不同的解析器会造成不同行为。

  可以通过`soup=BeautifuSoup(html,‘lxml‘)`方式指定lxml解析器。

2、四大对象种类

  Beautifu Soup将复杂HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:(1)Tag(2)NavigableString(3)BeautifulSoup(4)Comment

  2.1 Tag   

    Tag是,HTML中的一个个标签(即上面代码中的`title`、`head`、`a`、`p`等等HTML标签)加上里面包括的内容

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = """
    
The Dormouse‘s story

The Dormouse‘s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

""" # 创建Beautiful Soup对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html,lxml) # 打开本地HTML文件的方式来创建对象 # soup = BeautifulSoup(open(‘index.html‘)) # 格式化输出soup对象的内容 # print(soup.prettify()) print(soup.title) # The Dormouse‘s story print(soup.head) # The Dormouse‘s story print(soup.a) # print(type(soup.a)) #

# 通过soup加标签名获取这些标签的内容,这些对象的类型是bs4.element.Tag
# 通过这种方法查找的是在所有内容中的第一个符合要求的标签。



# 对于Tag,它本身有两个重要的属性,即name和attrs
print(soup.name) # [document] # soup对象本身比较特殊,它的name即为[document] print(soup.head.name) # head # 对于其他内部标签,输出的值便为标签本身的名称 print(soup.p.attrs) # {‘class‘: [‘title‘], ‘name‘: ‘dromouse‘} # 在这里,我们把p标签的所有属性打印了出来,得到的类型是一个字典 print(soup.p[class]) # [‘title’] 获取属性的值 # 等同下列get方法 print(soup.p.get(class)) # [‘title‘] 获取属性的值 soup.p[class] = newClass
# 对p标签下的class属性的内容进行修改 print(soup.p) #

The Dormouse‘s story



del soup.p[‘class‘] # 还可以对这个属性进行删除
print soup.p
# 

The Dormouse‘s story

  2.2 NavigableString

    通过.string的方式即可获取标签内部的文字

print soup.p.string
# The Dormouse‘s story

print type(soup.p.string)
# In [13]: 

  2.3 BeautifulSoup

    BeautifulSoup对象表示的是一个文档的内容,可以把它当做是一个特殊的Tag对象,可以分别获取它的类型,名称以及属性。

print(type(soup.name))
# 

print(soup.name)
# [document]

print(soup.attrs)
# {}    文档本身的属性为空

  2.4 Comment

    Comment对象是一个特殊类型的NavigableString对象,其输出的内容不包括注释符号。

print(soup.a)
# 

print(soup.a.string)
#  Elsie

print(type(soup.a.string))
# 

    注意Comment和NavigableString对象的区别,当HTML标签的.string中有注释时,忽视注释符号,返回其中的内容,这时它是一个Comment对象;当没有注释时,返回其中的内容,这时它是一个NavigableString对象。

 

3、遍历文档树

  3.1 直接子节点:`.contents`,`.children`属性

    (1)`.content`属性

      Tag的`.contents`属性可以将Tag的子节点以列表的方式输出

print(soup.body.contents)
# tag的.contents属性可以将tag的子节点以列表的方式输出
"""
[‘\n‘, 

The Dormouse‘s story

, ‘\n‘,

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

"""

  3.2 所有子孙节点:`.descendants`属性

    `.contents`和`.children`属性仅包含Tag的直接子节点,`.descendants`属性可以对所有Tag的子孙节点进行递归循环,和`.children`类似,返回一个生成器对象。

print(soup.descendants)
# 

for child in soup.descendants:
    print(child)
"""

The Dormouse‘s story

The Dormouse‘s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

The Dormouse‘s story The Dormouse‘s story The Dormouse‘s story

The Dormouse‘s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

The Dormouse‘s story

The Dormouse‘s story The Dormouse‘s story

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were Elsie , Lacie Lacie and Tillie Tillie ; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

...

...
"""

  3.3 节点内容:`.string`属性

    如果tag只有一个 NavigableString 类型子节点,那么这个tag可以使用 .string 得到子节点。如果一个tag仅有一个子节点,那么这个tag也可以使用 .string 方法,输出结果与当前唯一子节点的 .string 结果相同。   

print soup.head.string
#The Dormouse‘s story
print soup.title.string
#The Dormouse‘s story

4、搜索文档树

  4.1 find_all(name,attrs,recursive,text,**kwargs)

    4.1.1 name参数

      name参数可以查找所有名字为name的tag,字符串对象会被自动忽略掉。

      (1)传字符串

        在搜索方法中传入一个字符串参数,Beautiful Soup会查找与字符串完整匹配的内容

print(type(soup.find_all(p)))
# 

print(soup.find_all(p))
"""

The Dormouse‘s story

,

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

,

...

]
"""

      (2)传入正则表达式

        如果传入正则表达式作为参数,Beautiful Soup会通过正则表达式的macth()来匹配内容。

# 找出所有以b开头的标签
import re
for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile(^b)):
    print(tag.name)
# body
# b

      (3)传列表

        如果传入列表参数,Beautiful Soup会将把与列表中任一元素匹配的内容返回。

print(soup.find_all(["a",p]))
"""
[

The Dormouse‘s story

,

Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were , Lacie and Tillie; and they lived at the bottom of a well.

, , Lacie, Tillie,

...

]
"""

    4.1.2 keyword参数

soup.find_all(id=link2)
# [Lacie]

    4.1.3 text参数

      通过text参数可以搜索文档中的字符串内容,与name参数的可选值一样,text参数接受字符串、正则表达式及列表  

import re
print(soup.find_all(text=Tillie))

print(soup.find_all(text=["Tillie","Elsie","Lacie"]))

print(soup.find_all(text=re.compile("Dormouse")))
"""
[‘Tillie‘]
[‘Lacie‘, ‘Tillie‘]
["The Dormouse‘s story", "The Dormouse‘s story"]
"""

  4.2 CSS选择器

    写CSS时,标签名不加任何修饰,类名前加`.`,id名前加`#`

    用soup.select(),返回类型是list

    4.2.1 通过标签名查找

print(soup.select("title"))
# [The Dormouse‘s story]
print(soup.select("a"))
"""
[, Lacie, Tillie]
"""
print(soup.select(b))
# [The Dormouse‘s story]

    4.2.2 通过类名查找

print(soup.select(".sister"))
"""
[, Lacie, Tillie]
"""

    4.2.3 通过id名查找

print(soup.select("#link1"))
# []

    4.2.4 组合查找

      组合查找即和写css文件时,标签名与类名、id名进行组合的原理是一样的,其各之间需要用空格分开。

print(soup.select("p #link1"))
# []

      直接子标签查找,则使用`>`分隔    

print(soup.select("head > title"))
#[The Dormouse‘s story]

    4.2.5 属性查找

      查找时还可以加入属性元素,属性需要用中括号括起来,注意属性与标签属于同一节点,所以中间不能加空格,否则会无法匹配到。

print(soup.select(a[class="sister"]))
#[, Lacie, Tillie]

print(soup.select(a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]))
#[]

      同样,属性仍然可以与上述查找方式组合,不在同一节点的空格隔开,同一节点的不加空格   

print(soup.select(p a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]))
#[]

    4.2.6 获取内容

       select 方法返回的结果都是列表形式,可以遍历形式输出,然后用 get_text() 方法来获取它的内容。

soup = BeautifulSoup(html,lxml)
print(type(soup.select("title")))
# 
print(soup.select(title)[0])
# The Dormouse‘s story
print(soup.select("title")[0].get_text())
# The Dormouse‘s story

for title in soup.select("title"):
    print(title.get_text())
# The Dormouse‘s story

   

十三、CSS选择器:BeautifulSoup4

标签:pytho   官方文档   HERE   方法   html标签   XML   from   ext   --   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/nuochengze/p/12863045.html


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